Ethical Issues of British Petroleum Oil Spill Term Paper

Ethical Issues of British Petroleum Oil Spill - Term Paper Example Its Exploration and Production’s activities falls under three key areas. The first is upstream activities which include oil and natural gas exploration, field development and production. The second is Midstream activities which include pipeline, transportation and processing activities related to its upstream activities (BP PLC (BP), 2011). The third is marketing and trading activities which include the marketing and trading of natural gas, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), together with power and natural gas liquids (NGLs) (BP PLC (BP), 2011). Refining and Marketing activities include the supply and trading, refining, manufacturing, marketing and transportation of crude oil, petroleum and petrochemicals products (BPPLCBP), 2011). History The history of the company starts in 1908 when oil found in a rugged part of Persia after a long and difficult search. It was Mr D’Arcy who financed the oil exploration. Mr Reynolds was the explorer. The discovery was due to the p atience of Reynolds. By the early morning of 26 May 1908, the drill reached 1,180 feet and a fountain of oil spewed out into the dawn sky ( BP at a Glance, 2010). Within one year, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which would one day become BP, was in business ( BP at a Glance, 2010). ... After the war, the nationalists throughout the Middle East angrily questioned Western companies’ right to profit from Middle Eastern resources ( BP at a Glance, 2010). Anti-British sentiment also increased. The agreement between the former Shah of Persia and William D’Arcy expired in 1954, and the director board changed the company’s name to The British Petroleum Company ( BP at a Glance, 2010). Later unexpected changes took place in the Middle East. Ghaddafi and other Middle Eastern countries declared that they will nationalise energy companies in ten years. So, by 1983, BP’s oil supply from Middle East was reduced from 80% to meagre 10%. Fortunately BP had discovered major oil fields in other parts of the world, including Prudhoe Bay in Alaska and the Forties field off the coast of Scotland ( BP at a Glance, 2010). In 1987 BP bought Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio) incorporating it into a new national business, BP America. That same year the British governme nt sold the last of the shares it held in BP ( BP at a Glance, 2010). With major, long-term projects in Russia, the Gulf of Mexico, North America, Azerbaijan, Indonesia and elsewhere, BP had a lot of oil and gas (BP at a Glance, 2010). Mission The mission of BP is to help the world meet the growing demand for heat, light and transportation. This is achieved by finding efficient and cleaner ways to produce energy that’s affordable and safe. To meet that goal, BP is progressive, responsible, innovative and performance driven (Our culture and values , 2011) Ethics Background The BP has a code of conduct. The company says that it is part of the ethics program and is supported by the directors and senior

Evidence Based Medicine in General Practice Essay

Evidence Based Medicine in General Practice - Essay Example As the report declares EBM endeavors to illuminate those elements of medical practice that are in principle subject to scientific methods and put these methodological functions to enhance eminent forecast of upshots in medical healing, even as discussion about which results are enviable persists. This discussion stresses that a clerical anthropological line of attack was employed to analyze inter-reliance with reference to the healthcare teamwork. This line of attack is embedded on the function of ethnographic fieldwork by means of participant observation. Corporations are conceptualized as a civilizing phenomenon with their own edifying principles and models that stipulate the traits of workers. Ethnography approach has been widely employed in health management reviews. It is viewed as a way of accessing beliefs and traditions enhancing these to be conceived in the context in which they occur and aiding the understanding of traits of actors. The opinion polls were conducted for a period of 6 months with 30 interrogations involving doctors as well as nurses that are group participants in hospice sections; this include functional rooms, intensive care units as well as ward areas in a colossal teaching hospice in Australia. Precise cataloguing was employed. Scholars employed se mi-configured opinion polls and contestant inspection. Those that were interviewed consist of surgeons, anaesthetists, nurse overseers, and foster clinicians. (Jassawalla, A.R., Sashittal, H.C, 1999). Methodology Methodology is the selection of the variety and type of data and information to gather, method of analyzing the data and information and the target group or audience from the data is to be gathered. There are various types of methodologies that can be used for the data collection, collation and compilation of the research. The importance of methodology in an approach to acquire relative data in regard evidence based medicine from the general practitioners point of view. The hypothesis revolving around any topic can be better analysed through the data on which it is built. There cannot be any investigation without hypothesis. Hypothesis defines the aims and objectives of an investigation and leads to the development of sound methodology. Phenomenology is one of the methodologies used in philosophical research which was first used by mathematician Edmund Husserl. The core of this methodology includes use of reflective techniques of 'bracketing' and 'reduction' to unveil the data which is actually required by the researchers. A wide range of literature analysis offered the hypothetical construction against which the examination stretched out. Since this review is beyond being innovative, it is however, not probable to establish a direct comparison that flanks the results and the findings carried from preceding lessons, (Wadland WC, Barry et al 1999). Whereas there are copious studies that feature obstruction to engaging with the EBM replica of concern, there exist incongruity in their approaches and interpretative line is oriented on borderline arguments as barricades that trounce; treatment discrepancy at the bottom line if often the

Fly Fishing and Spin Fishing Essay Example for Free

Fly Fishing and Spin Fishing Essay Fly Fishing and Spin Fishing are fishing methods used by hobbyist to catch fish. Both types are considered as Angling. Angling is a type of fishing that uses angles or a hook. Anglers are considered as fishers who have intent on releasing their catch in the water. According to Central Fisheries Board of Ireland (2007), the waters were anglers fish have the rule where catch and release rule are enforced. II. Difference of Fly Fishing and Spin Fishing There are several differences that can be seen between both methods. Fly fishing is a method where artificial flies are used and attached to the hook to imitate naturally occurring food. These artificial flies are tied out of materials such as fur and feather. Spin Fishing is a method where a spin fishing tackle is used to catch fish. a. Rods and Fishing Lines Used According to Flyfishingbasics. com (2007), rods that are used for fly-fishing is generally light and the lines are heavy. The lines are heavy because these provide the weight and momentum for casting. On the other hand, Fishsa.com (2007) explains that the rod for spin-fishing is used as a lever to fling the weight of the lure. Comparing both methods, the fly fishing method uses the weight of the line to carry the fly to the fish while the spin fishing uses the weight of the lure to pull the line out of the reel. Casting method for flyfishing is harder as compared to spinfishing according to flysa. com (2007). b. Fishing Equipment Fly Fishing uses a fly rod, a reel and a line. The baits that the fly fishing angler uses are artificial flies. These flies depends on the user of the rod. There are different types of flies. These are streamers, dry flies, wet flies and poppers. Streamers are long and skinny and these flies sink and looks like a baitfish. Dry Flies are flies that float. Wet Flies are flies that sink and lastly, poppers are floating flies that are made out of cork. These flies can be bought from the fishing stores or they can be made using fly tying techniques. Fly Tying is considered as another different type of hobby that is used to make artificial flies. Differentiating spin fishing, this method also has a rod and a reel, however, this method uses live lures. The lures that an angler uses depends on the type of fish that the angler wants to catch. Worms and Insect Larva is used to catch bluegill or sunfish. Worms, nightcrawlers, and stinkbaits are used for Catfish. Minnows and worms are for Crappie. Minnows and nightcrawlers are for Bass. Worms, corn and doughballs are for carp and lastly the trouts are catched using worms and minnows. c. Economic Value Evaluating both methods, Fly fishing is a more expensive method than Spin Fishing. According to Flyfishingbasics. com (2007), a fly rod, reel and line combo costs at around $60 to $120 and flies costs at around $1 to $5 per piece. Spin fishing rod and Reel costs at around $10 to $20 and baits costs at around $1 to $3 per dozen and the prepared baits are from $1. 50 to $4. 50 per dozen. As a conclusion, it seems that spin fishing is more practical as compared to the fly-fishing. Since casting is easier to learn for spin fishing and the baits used for spin fishing is much cheaper than the fly-fishing. It is therefore easier to recommend spin fishing for beginners because it is easier to learn. REFERENCES Central Fisheries Board, 2000. Catch and Release for Atlantic Salmon. Retrieved last October 31, 2007 from Central Fisheries Board of Ireland. Website: http://www. cfb. ie/fishing_in_ireland/CatchandRelease. htm Fly Fishing Basics. 2003. Fly Fishing. Retrieved last October 31, 2007. From Fly Fishing Basics. com. Website: http://www. flyfishingbasics. com/casting. html# Fish South Australia. 1996. Spin Fishing. Retrieved last October 31, 2007 From FishSA. com. Website: http://www. fishsa. com/spinfsng. php

Export data into external source (m3) Essay Example for Free

Export data into external source (m3) Essay Explain the Impact of Organisational Policies on the Troubleshooting and Repair Process (P1) Referring to the policies related to the College’s network. Produce an audio recording for the Network manager to explain the impact of their organisational policies on the troubleshooting and repair process. Introduction In this documents, I am going to be explaining the impact of organisational policies on the troubleshooting and repair process, I am going to be talking about the organisational policies, such as considerations e.g. security, costs, systems downtime, disruption, resource allocation, prioritisation, contractual requirements, trend analysis, escalation procedures, documentation, reporting, contractual legal issues. Organisational Policies An organisational policy is expected to do many things. Primarily it should protect people and information, as well as set the rules for expected behaviour by users, system administrators, management and security personnel. It should also authorise relevant personnel to monitor, probe, investigate, define and authorise the consequences of violations, in addition to defining the company’s baseline stance on security. This can help minimise risk and help track compliance with appropriate regulations. Security This policy is mainly responsible for making sure that all the security detail such as password and user accounts are secure so you have to make sure that you are the only person that uses the account. IT systems Acceptable usage policy requires from users to log off the computer as inappropriate people could get the access to the data that they shouldn’t. The user also shouldn’t install the unauthorized software as this could lead to the issues such as making the equipment unusable by affecting it performance. The users also have to make sure that the equipment is secure during the use of it and after. The users within college are not allowed to connect they own device to the college network if they don’t get authorization from the IT Manager. Costs In term of costs the members of the staff has to make sure that they examine all the purchasing and introduce the environmental criteria to make sure that the equipment meets all the requirements and condition. They are also required to research on the equipment that they are purchasing to make sure that there is no alternatives with are better or cheaper. They also have to encourage the use of recycled paper to make sure that people don’t use it in inappropriate reasons that are not associated with the course as they are spending the college money. If the potential user with in this case is the student brake the equipment the staff have to make sure that it was reported and the person that did it will have to pay back the money for it. Systems Downtime System downtime is usually affected by many issues but they all can be prevented if the right procedures have been taken and the staffs fallow all the legislations. In this case people have to make sure that they have the right equipment for example server. They also should make regular backups so student and teachers work don’t get lost. The regular maintainer should be taken at the end of each week. System downtime could cause a lot of damage as if the system would be down user wouldn’t be able to perform they daily routine. Disruption Disruption is when something unexpected happened and person responsible for that area is not preparing for it. Organization such as College should have plan for everything so in case that something happen they have solution to repair it and prevents it from happening. For example if users lose they work organization should back them up. In order to back the files up they would have to be prepare for this to happen. Resource Allocation All the resources should be right allocated. This mean that there shouldn’t be too much of resources for one place for example you cannot add too much of the paper for the printer as the printer could damage the paper if there are too many resources than it should be the company could lose a lot of money as they might spend money on the unimportant resources. Resources should be well balanced so if the resources are not needed they shouldn’t been used. Prioritisation The company should prioritize some of the aspect when performing repair as they might be more important and they should be repaired first. For example if network is down and at the same time printer is not working. The person that perform repair should concentrate on repairing network instead of printer as without network printer would be useless. Contractual Requirements In a company, the support team staff would be required to work shifts that will provide coverage for the employees when the offices are officially opened, they will also need to provide extra time in the evening and weekends, where they will carry out the essential maintenance which may have to involve some downtime. The hours that an employee will have to work will be set out for them in what is called an employment contract. They will be limited by the EU legislation and some other regulations such as working time regulations, which will provide the basic right and protections such as: A worker can be required to work at most an average of 48 hours a week (though workers can choose to work more if they want to). For night workers there is a limit of an average of 8 hours worked in 24. Night workers are entitled to receive free health assessments. All staff are entitled to 11 hours of rest a day and to one day off each week. When the working day is longer than 6 hours, workers must have an in-work rest break. Workers are entitled to 4 weeks of paid leave per year. These protections may or may not be in place. You should check your contract to find out any special conditions of service before signing. Trend Analysis The records that are kept of incidents and how these are dealt with can provide useful data how successfully the support team are running, so an organisational policy will decide the frequency of analysis and of data and exactly what type of data has to be recorded by the IT supporting team. Trends can then be identified which will then help with the formulation of the plans to provide better and more reliable hardware and software package, it may then also be used to target a form of training for the users who will need them the most. Trend analysis can then also be used to re-allocate budgets and resources to identify the hotspots. Escalation Procedures An escalation process in different support establishments vary depending on the type of service that they have. In a technical support group, this involves setting up thresholds for certain issues to be addressed at certain levels. Typically it is a tiered setup. For example, Tier 1 can handle issues that can be easily resolved by just a phone call and when the Tier1 representative feels that the issue cannot be resolved at his level (if for example the problem cannot be resolved by their team alone and needs to be addressed by other support teams/departments with higher level of authority) it is then escalated or moved to the next higher team. This way the issues are segregated depending on their severity and type of resolution. Documentation The procedures of documentation vary from one sector, or one type, to another. In general, these may involve document drafting, formatting, submitting, reviewing, approving, distributing, reposting and tracking, etc., and are convened by associated SOPs in a regulatory industry. Since a key step in the process management journey is the documentation of current processes and any exceptions to those processes, this article explores how to create a template for your process documentation guide. A template makes the process of documenting your processes repeatable. Repeatable is the word to remember here primary aspects of a process documentation guide should be easily duplicated and reused to create additional guides after the first process has been documented. This repeatability feature makes it less painful to create your documentation as you move through all the processes in an organization. It also provides readers with a common format to follow as they research or review processes within your organization. Reporting Reporting may seem like a simple exercise in transparency but it is more than that. In fact, it gives management an additional opportunity for improvement, through readers’ reactions, criticisms and suggestions. Considering stakeholder views also helps to shape strategy, goals and objectives. All the inputs from direct stakeholders should be carefully reviewed as part of a management learning process to adapt and fine-tune the company’s sustainable development objectives. Contractual Legal Issues Regardless of whether you use an agency or not, you will require some  knowledge of contract law and the ability to negotiate a suitable agreement. IR35 should be at the forefront of your mind throughout this process if you are to keep as much as possible of your pay packet out of the clutches of the taxman. On the most basic level, any agreement reached with a client must make clear that you are a contractor and not an employee. This distinction should be clear in both the contract and your modus operandi. Primarily, your contract should define exactly what you are agreeing to do for the client. In contrast to an employee, whose work may not be defined at all in the contract, you must make sure that the document clearly lays out the service or services that you are to provide. Conclusion So in conclusion, this document has been explaining the impact of organisational policies on the troubleshooting and repair process, I am going to be talking about the organisational policies, such as considerations e.g. security, costs, systems downtime, disruption, resource allocation, prioritisation, contractual requirements, trend analysis, escalation procedures, documentation, reporting, contractual legal issues. Hopefully, this would help an organisation in the process of troubleshooting and repair.

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst (NPDCs) Case Study

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst (NPDCs) Case Study Abstract Incisive canal cyst or Nasopalatine duct cysts (NPDCs) are the most common non-odontogenic cysts of the maxilla. These developmental NPDC are usually asymptomatic and are discovered during routine radiological examination done for some other diagnosis. A cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a valuable tool to localize a cyst within the nasopalatine canal. CBCT enables analysis of the dimension of the NPDC, analysis of the involvement of neighboring anatomical structures and assists in treatment planning. Histopathology shows non-keratinized epithelium with pseudostratification, ciliation with neuro-vascular bundle in the capsular wall. Surgical approach with enucleation of the cyst is the treatment of choice. Since these lesions show diagnostic dilemma in clinical and radiological study, the definitive diagnosis is made by histopathology. Our case report shows nasopalatine duct cyst in a 27 year old male patient along with brief literature review. Keywords: Nasopalatine duct cyst, Non-odontogenic , Trauma, Anterior maxilla. INTRODUCTION Various synonyms were used previously in the literature for NPDC as cystis canalis nasopalatini, cystis canalis incisive, is the most common non-odontogenic cyst occurring in the oral cavity. Most common site will be midline palate around the incisive foramen from debris of nasopalatine duct’s epithelium. It was first described by Meyer in 1914, in the past, known as the fissured cyst, now according to the WHO classification it is defined as a non-odontogenic, developmental, epithelial cyst of maxilla. In most of cases, it develops in the midline of the palate near the incisive foramen.1  During fetal development the duct gradually narrows until one or two central clefts are finally formed on the midline of the upper maxilla. The nasopalatine neurovascular bundle is located within the duct, and emerges from its intrabony trajectory through the nasopalatine foramen.2 Etiology is still debatable, as some say it may arise from a vestigial organ (nasal-vomer Jacobson organ) present in some inferior mammals. Various triggering factors for cyst development are infection (38 %), trauma (16 %), minor salivary mucus retention, inflammatory stimulus resulting in the abnormal growth of the remnant cells, derived from the fusion of the primary palatal of the first branchial arch. It is a developmental cyst.3 The case report here was in a dilemma whether it was a residual cyst or incisive canal cyst. Many nasopalatine duct cyst were diagnosed during routine periapical or occlusal radiographs.4 The definite diagnosis of the cyst should be basedon clinical, radiological and histopathologic findings. Hence, we report a case of nasopalatine duct cyst in a 33year old male patient, along with a review of literature. CASE REPORT A 27 years old male patient reported in the Department with the chief complaint of swelling in the upper front tooth region since 3 months. Pain was insidious in onset with swelling gradually increased to the present size. Patient gave the history of trauma with extraction of his upper front tooth 3 months back. Extraorally there was no abnormality and no lymphadenopathy detected. Intraoral examination revealed a swelling in the incisive papilla region. Swelling was measuring 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm in the midline of the hard palate and extended posteriorly to the mesial aspect of upper canine. CBCT of the maxilla was advised. Axial, sagittal and coronal sections were obtained; lateral sections along the arch and buccolingual sections were made and assessed to make the following report: CBCT of maxilla showed missing 11, 21 and a radiolucent lesion in anteriormaxilla. A well-defined unilocular radiolucent lesion seen in the anterior maxilla in11, 21, region.(Fig 1). The lesion extends from the incisive canal opening to the floor of nasal fossa superoinferiorly, from labial to palatal cortical plate labiopalatally and from 12 to 22 regions. (Fig 2) The lesion is roughly oval in shape, measures about 13 mms mesiodistally, 13 mms supero-inferiorly, 12 mms laterally. The lesion is bordered by very thin sclerotic margin except for few areas. The lesion is uniformly radiolu cent within, has caused expansion, thinning and perforation of labial cortical plate in particular, also caused perforation of the floor of nasal fossa. On the basis of clinical and radiographic evidence of incisive canal cyst was made. It was decided to enucleate the cyst under general anesthesia. Prior to surgery all preliminary investigations were done and results were within normal range. Cyst was enucleated (Fig 3,4) and specimen was sent for histopathological examination for the confirmation of provisional diagnosis. Microscopic examination revealed non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness with moderate inflammatory infiltrate in the connective tissue wall with few areas of pseudostratified epithelium. Capsular wall shows endothelial lined capillaries, muscular arteries, nerve fiber bundles/neurovascular bundles are seen in the connective tissue wall with areas of hemorrhage and peripheral vital bone is seen.(Fig 5,6) These histological features, in conjunction with the site of the lesion, suggested incisive canal cyst. DISCUSSION Usually it is difficult to distinguish normal incisive canal and foramen from small NPDC which is associated with vital tooth. It is more difficult when it is associated with non-vital tooth to differentiate from radicular cyst and existing NPDC. Some clinicians follow the thumb rule that radiolucency of the incisive canal measuring less than 0.6 cm in diameter should not be considered cystic in the absence of other symptoms.5 The exact etiology of NPDC is of uncertain origin but idiopathic or secondary to trauma, bacterial infections, or mucous retention has been shown with peak incidence between the fifth and the sixth decades of life. NPDC is the most common non-odontogenic cyst of the gnathic bones, representing up to 1% of all maxillary cysts. Etiology of present case is idiopathic with no history of trauma or infections. NPDC has high predilection for male which is synchronizing with our case. NPDC mainly manifest during fourth to sixth decades of life, but our patient was 27 years old and very few cases have been reported in the third decade of life.6 As far as pathogenesis concerned, it was previously thought that the NPDCs originated from the trapping of epithelium during fusion of the embryological processes. This concept has been discarded, and currently NPDC is thought to develop from the epithelial remnants of the nasopalatine ducts present within the incisive canals (canals of Stenson).7 Patients may be asymptomatic, with the lesion being detected on routine radiographs, however many will present with one or more symptoms. Complaints are often found to be associated with an infection of a previously asymptomatic nasopalatine duct cysts and consist primarily of swelling, drainage and pain.8 Our patient was presented with swelling on the midline of the palate without pain or drainage. The mean size of the NPDC variesfrom 6 to 17 mm,9 whereas our case showed a swelling that is 1.5 Ãâ€" 1.5mm. Even though definitive diagnosis of a nasopalatine cyst is more easily made on plain film so the advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are being used to differentiate this entity from other lesions.5 Radiographically, NPDC are wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcircumscribed round, ovoid or heart-shaped radiolucency in the anterior maxilla.10 The radiographic diameter of our case was 13 Ãâ€" 13 mm. The differential diagnosis should concern the supernumerary tooth appearing in this area- the mesiodens in the follicular cyst and also it should concern the primary cyst, the giant-cell granuloma, the ostitis with the palatal fistula and also naso-palatine and palatal-sinus connections.2 Histologically, the type of cystic epithelium varies according to the location involved (palatine, nasal, or intermediate). A squamous cell epithelium is almost always observed, although ciliary respiratory epithelium can be seen when the lesion is located higher up or nasally. Some cases rarely show the combination of squamous cell epithelium with ciliary respiratory epithelium as seen in the present case suggesting intermediate to palatal and nasal epithelial origin.7 Surgical enucleation was considered as the choice of treatment. The present case had typical clinical, radiographic, and histopathological features of a nasopalatine duct cyst. CONCLUSION Nasopalatine duct cysts occur in approximately 1% of the population with mean age of 42.5 years. The lesions may be asymptomatic or may manifest as swelling, pain, and drainage from the hard palate. A well-circumscribed, round, ovoid or heart-shaped radiolucency is seen on radiograph. Cone-beam computed tomography easily visualizes the radio-transparency on the midline, with well-defined sclerotic margins, and informs of the exact location of the lesion. In addition, it facilitates planning of the best surgical approach.

managing global Essay examples -- essays research papers

Assignment 1 Managing from a global perspective requires managers to pay close attention to factors in the external environment, which may affect an organisation's success. It may be, however, that factors in the internal environment will also influence success in a global environment. It is important for global managers to be familiar with the factors of the external environment and pay close attention to the management of the internal environment because factors from both the internal and external environments will most certainly influence the success of an organisation. Most importantly, managers may need to strategically optimise the internal environment for the specific properties of the external environment in which they operate. The performance of an organisation may not be exceptional unless management of the internal environment, or the conditions existing within the organisation, is fully optimized for the external environment. As a global manager, paying close attention to the external environment is a prerequisite. The external environment is the different forces outside the organisation able to impact on the success of the organisation. The external environment in new and different countries may have elusive properties such as technology, social systems, politics, currency, and tax which the global manager need to consider and analyse. External forces such as the social and political systems are of particular importance as they are the ones most likely to influence an organisation's success. Therefore these are the main factors to which managers should pay close attention so as to "understand the constraints under which they operate and the opportunities that exist" (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, 2000, 141). By studying the specific political and social systems of a particular external environment managers can use their understanding of these systems to their advantage and develop exception al strategies based on their understanding. For instance, in some countries such as the Peoples Republic of China, one must be willing to 'open the back door if the front one is closed', in other words, managers need to understand the "importance of guanxi (connections) in doing business in China"(Robbins et al). Managers working from a global perspective not only need to know the different laws, tradi... ...ically integrated management decisions, especially when undertaking operations in new and different environments. The rapid spreading of telecommunications technology is a major influence affecting the compatibility of the external environment with the internal environment of an organisation. Through the use of technology in telecommunications and through paying close attention to the external environment, an organisation can operate and function as an open system and as a result the internal environment of the organisation can be optimized for compatibility with the external environment and exceptional organisational performance may be achieved. REFERENCES: Robbins, S. Bergman, R., Stagg, I. And Coulter, M. (2000). Management. 2nd ed., Sydney, Prentice Hall. pp.140-150 Daft, R. L. (2001) Management, 5th ed., Sydney, Dryden press.pp.187-220 Bartol, K., Martin, D., Tein, M. And Matthews, G. (2001). Management: A pacific Rim Focus, Roseville, McGraw-Hill. pp42-63 Davidson, P. And Griffin, R. W. (2000). Management: Australia in a Global Context, Brisbane, John Wiley & Sons. pp. 37-54 Fulop, L. And Linstead, S. (1999). Management: A Critical Text, Melbourne, McMillan. pp. 48-65

Free Beowulf Essays: Shared Values †Then and Now :: Epic Beowulf essays

Beowulf:   Shared Values – Then and Now  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The values and characteristics which were held ideal in the epic Beowulf can still be found in today's culture if one knows where to look.   Gangs have become commonplace almost everywhere in the world. The similarities between modern gangs and tribes of ancient anglo-saxon warriors is quite pronounced. To many gang members being part of the gang is like a status quo. The gang member believes he or she is now part of a larger family. Many would-be gang members look up to gangs as if they are a role-model of some sort, wanting to someday be a part of this elite group who inspires fear in many people. Almost always, gang members believe that they must always be showing just how 'bad' they are. They will stop at almost nothing to outdo a rival gang's outrageous feat or even a friendly gang member's boasting. Law matters very little to these gang members, they make their own laws to follow. Gang member are rarely seen by themselves as they are fearful to travel alone through life's 'wilderness' without the comfort of knowing their friends are there to back them. However, gangs are very visible in packs. When roaming together they walk and talk as if they fear no one and nothing. They want the world to know just how 'bad' they are. When traveling together, no boast is too far-fetched. It doesn't matter whether or not it is true, only that the rest of the world believe it. Gangs are almost always at war with rival gangs. They rarely is ever believe in treaties between one and another but would much rather fight it out to prove which gang is superior. There are no restrictions against weapons and daggers, chains, guns, spikes, and brass knuckles are very common. It is very unlikely for a gang member to not be carrying at least two weapons at all times. Gang members often like to personalize their weapons too. For instance, brass knuckles may have the gang member's initials engraved in them to show possession, or a favorite gun or dagger may be intimately named. Such weapons are often highly valued and if lost will be sought after intensively by the distraught party. Gangs often carry with them superstitions. Perhaps the most prominent one is the fact that many gang members will not go into battle without their favorite weapon.